For other uses, see Book (disambiguation).
Open book with black and white drawings
A reader reading a book (Taslima Nasrin reading her book)
Before the invention and adoption of the printing press, almost all books were copied by hand, making books expensive and comparatively rare.A book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other material, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. A single sheet within a book is called a leaf, and each side of a leaf is called a page. A book produced in electronic format is known as an e-book.
Books may also refer to a literature work, or a main division of such a work. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph, to distinguish it from serial periodicals such as magazines, journals or newspapers. The body of all written works including books is literature.
In novels, a book may be divided into several large sections, also called books (Book 1, Book 2, Book 3, etc).
A lover of books is usually referred to as a bibliophile, a bibliophilist, or a philobiblist, or, more informally, a bookworm.
A store where books are bought and sold is a bookstore or bookshop. Books can also be borrowed from libraries or obtained for reading through the practice of BookCrossing.
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 Book structure
3 Sizes
4 Types of books
4.1 Types of books according to their contents
4.1.1 Fiction
4.1.2 Non-fiction
4.1.3 Other
4.2 Types of books according to their binding or cover
5 Bookbinding
6 History of books
6.1 Antiquity
6.1.1 Scroll
6.1.2 Codex
6.2 Middle Ages
6.2.1 Manuscripts
6.2.2 Wood block printing
6.2.3 Movable type and incunabula
6.3 Modern world
6.4 Book Manufacturing in the Modern World
6.4.1 Transition to digital format
7 Collections of books
8 Identification and classification
8.1 Classification systems
9 Paper and conservation issues
10 Uses for books
11 See also
12 Notes and references
13 External links
Etymology
The word book comes from Old English "bÅc" which comes from Germanic root "*bÅk-", cognate to beech.[1] Similarly, in Slavic languages (e.g. Russian and Bulgarian "бÑква" (bukva)—"letter") is cognate to "beech". It is thus conjectured that the earliest Indo-European writings may have been carved on beech wood.[2]
Blook, a recent neologism, is either an object manufactured to imitate a bound book, such as an on-line book published via a blog, or a printed book that contains or is based on content from a blog.
Book structure
Main article: Book design
Scheme of common book design
1 - belly band
2 - Flap
3 - Endpaper
4 - Book cover
5 - Top edge
6 - Fore edge
7 - Tail edge
8 - Right page, recto
9 - Left page, verso
10 - GutterThe common structural parts of a book include:
Front cover: hardbound or softcover (paperback); the spine is the binding that joins the front and rear covers where the pages hinge
Front endpaper
Flyleaf
Front matter
Frontispiece
Title page
Copyright page: typically verso of title page: shows copyright owner/date, credits, edition/printing, cataloguing details
Table of contents
List of figures
List of tables
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Preface
Introduction
Body: the text or contents, the pages often collected or folded into signatures; the pages are usually numbered sequentially, and often divided into chapters.
Back matter
Appendix
Glossary
Index
Notes
Bibliography
Colophon
Flyleaf
Rear endpaper
Rear cover
A thin marker, commonly made of paper or card, used to keep one's place in a book is a bookmark. Bookmarks were used throughout the medieval period,[3] consisting usually of a small parchment strip attached to the edge of folio (or a piece of cord attached to headband). Bookmarks in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were narrow silk ribbons bound into the book and become widespread in the 1850s. They were usually made from silk, embroidered fabrics or leather. Not until the 1880s, did paper and other materials become more common.
Sizes
Real-size facsimile of Codex Gigas
The world's largest bookMain article: Book size
The size of a modern book is based on the printing area of a common flatbed press. The pages of type were arranged and clamped in a frame, so that when printed on a sheet of paper the full size of the press, the pages would be right side up and in order when the sheet was folded, and the folded edges trimmed.
The most common book sizes are:
Quarto (4to): the sheet of paper is folded twice, forming four leaves (eight pages) approximately 11-13 inches (ca 30 cm) tall
Octavo (8vo): the most common size for current hardcover books. The sheet is folded three times into eight leaves (16 pages) up to 9 ¾" (ca 23 cm) tall.
DuoDecimo (12mo): a size between 8vo and 16mo, up to 7 ¾" (ca 18 cm) tall
Sextodecimo (16mo): the sheet is folded four times, forming sixteen leaves (32 pages) up to 6 ¾" (ca 15 cm) tall
Sizes smaller than 16mo are:
24mo: up to 5 ¾" (ca 13 cm) tall.
32mo: up to 5" (ca 12 cm) tall.
48mo: up to 4" (ca 10 cm) tall.
64mo: up to 3" (ca 8 cm) tall.
Small books can be called booklets.
Sizes larger than quarto are:
Folio: up to 15" (ca 38 cm) tall.
Elephant Folio: up to 23" (ca 58 cm) tall.
Atlas Folio: up to 25" (ca 63 cm) tall.
Double Elephant Folio: up to 50" (ca 127 cm) tall.
The largest extant medieval manuscript in the world is Codex Gigas 92 Ã 50 Ã 22 cm. The world's largest book made of stone is in Kuthodaw Pagoda (Myanmar).
Types of books
Types of books according to their contents
Novels in a Polish bookstoreA common separation by content are fiction and non-fictional books. By no means are books limited to this classification, but it is a separation that can be found in most collections, libraries, and bookstores.
Fiction
Many of the books published today are fictitious stories. They are in-part or completely untrue or fantasy. Historically, paper production was expensive; too expensive to be used for entertainment. An increase in global literacy and print technology led to the increased publication of books for the purpose of entertainment, and allegorical social commentary. Most fiction is additionally categorized by genre.
The novel is the most common form of fictional book. Novels are stories that typical feature a plot, setting, themes and characters. Stories and narrative are not restricted to any topic; a novel can be whimsical, serious or controversial. The novel has had a tremendous impact on entertainment and publishing markets.[4]
Comic books or graphic novels are books in which the story is told or illustrated with pictures.
Non-fiction
A page from a dictionary
An encyclopediaIn a library, a general type of non-fiction book which provides information as opposed to telling a story, essay, commentary, or otherwise supporting a point of view, is often referred to as a reference book. A very general reference book, usually one-volume, with lists of data and information on many topics is called an almanac. An encyclopedia is a book or set of books designed to have more in-depth articles on many topics. A book listing words, their etymology, meanings, etc. is called a dictionary. A book which is a collection of maps is an atlas. A more specific reference book with tables or lists of data and information about a certain topic, often intended for professional use, is often called a handbook. Books which try to list references and abstracts in a certain broad area may be called an index, such as Engineering Index, or abstracts such as Chemical Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, etc.
An atlasBooks with technical information on how to do something or how to use some equipment are called instruction manuals. Other popular how-to books include cookbooks and home improvement books.
Students typically store and carry textbooks and schoolbooks for study purposes. Elementary school pupils often use workbooks which are published with spaces or blanks to be filled by them for study or homework. In higher education, is it common for a student to take an exam requiring a bluebook.
a page from a notebook used as hand written diaryThere is a large set of books that are made only to write private ideas, notes, and accounts. These type of books are rarely published and typically are destroyed or remain private.Notebooks are blank books to be written in by the user. Students and writers commonly use them for taking notes. Scientists and other researchers use lab notebooks to record their work. They often feature spiral coil bindings at the edge so that pages may easily be torn out.
Address books, phone books, and calendar/appointment books are commonly used on a daily basis for recording appointments, meetings and personal contact information.
Books for recording periodic entries by the user, such as daily information about a journey, are called logbooks or simply logs. A similar book for writing daily the owner's private personal events, information, and ideas is called a diary or personal journal.
Businesses use accounting books such as journals and ledgers to record financial data in a practice called bookkeeping.
Other
Some examples of books not commonly found under this system include:
Albums are books for holding collections of memorabilia, pictures or photographs. They are often made so that the pages are removable. Stamp albums hold collections of stamps.
Hymnals are books with collections of musical hymns, typically found in churches. Prayerbooks or missals are books containing written prayers. Commonly carried by monks, nuns, and other devoted followers or clergy.
Types of books according